Menstrual cycles

Menstrual Cycle: Overview

Menstrual cycles

The menstrual cycle is a natural biological process that prepares the body for pregnancy each month. It involves hormonal changes and occurs in a cycle of approximately 28 days, though it can range from 21 to 35 days in adults.


Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

The cycle is divided into four main phases:

1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5):

  • What Happens: Shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) results in bleeding.
  • Symptoms: Cramps, fatigue, mood changes, and lower back pain are common.
  • Duration: 3–7 days.

2. Follicular Phase (Days 1–13):

  • What Happens:
    • The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), stimulating the ovaries to develop follicles.
    • One dominant follicle matures, and the uterus begins forming a new lining.
  • Hormones Involved: Estrogen levels rise.
  • Key Role: Prepares an egg for ovulation.

3. Ovulation Phase (Around Day 14):

  • What Happens:
    • A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the release of a mature egg from the ovary.
    • This is the most fertile period in the cycle.
  • Symptoms: Some women experience mild pelvic pain, increased cervical mucus, and a slight rise in body temperature.

4. Luteal Phase (Days 15–28):

  • What Happens:
    • The ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, releasing progesterone to support a potential pregnancy.
    • If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, and hormone levels drop, signaling the start of a new cycle.
  • Symptoms: Breast tenderness, bloating, and mood swings (often associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS)).

Common Issues with the Menstrual Cycle

  1. Irregular Periods:
    • Causes include stress, hormonal imbalances, weight changes, or underlying conditions like PCOS.
  2. Heavy Bleeding (Menorrhagia):
    • May indicate fibroids, hormonal issues, or clotting disorders.
  3. Painful Periods (Dysmenorrhea):
    • Often due to high prostaglandin levels or conditions like endometriosis.
  4. Missed Periods (Amenorrhea):
    • Possible reasons include pregnancy, menopause, thyroid disorders, or excessive exercise.

Tips for a Healthy Menstrual Cycle

  1. Maintain a Balanced Diet:
    • Include iron-rich foods, leafy greens, and whole grains.
  2. Stay Active:
    • Regular exercise helps regulate hormones and reduce PMS symptoms.
  3. Manage Stress:
    • Yoga, meditation, and adequate sleep support hormonal balance.
  4. Track Your Cycle:
    • Use apps or a calendar to identify irregularities.
  5. Consult a Doctor:
    • For persistent issues like irregular cycles or severe pain.

Fun Fact: The menstrual cycle is a vital sign of overall health. Changes in the cycle can signal underlying health conditions, making it important to monitor regularly!

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