Dr Ravi Razz

Menstrual Cycle: Overview

The menstrual cycle is a natural biological process that prepares the body for pregnancy each month. It involves hormonal changes and occurs in a cycle of approximately 28 days, though it can range from 21 to 35 days in adults.

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

The cycle is divided into four main phases:

1. Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5):

• What Happens: Shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) results in bleeding.
• Symptoms: Cramps, fatigue, mood changes, and lower back pain are common.
• Duration: 3–7 days.

2. Follicular Phase (Days 1–13):

• What Happens:
  • The pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), stimulating the ovaries to develop follicles.
  • One dominant follicle matures, and the uterus begins forming a new lining.
• Hormones Involved: Estrogen levels rise.
• Key Role: Prepares an egg for ovulation.

3. Ovulation Phase (Around Day 14):

• What Happens:
  • A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers the release of a mature egg from the ovary.
  • This is the most fertile period in the cycle.
• Symptoms: Some women experience mild pelvic pain, increased cervical mucus, and a slight rise in body temperature.

4. Luteal Phase (Days 15–28):

• What Happens:
  • The ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, releasing progesterone to support a potential pregnancy.
  • If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down, and hormone levels drop, signaling the start of a new cycle.
• Symptoms: Breast tenderness, bloating, and mood swings (often associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS)).

Common Issues with the Menstrual Cycle

1. Irregular Periods:
   • Causes include stress, hormonal imbalances, weight changes, or underlying conditions like PCOS.
2. Heavy Bleeding (Menorrhagia):
   • May indicate fibroids, hormonal issues, or clotting disorders.
3. Painful Periods (Dysmenorrhea):
   • Often due to high prostaglandin levels or conditions like endometriosis.
4. Missed Periods (Amenorrhea):
   • Possible reasons include pregnancy, menopause, thyroid disorders, or excessive exercise.

Tips for a Healthy Menstrual Cycle

1. Maintain a Balanced Diet:
   • Include iron-rich foods, leafy greens, and whole grains.
2. Stay Active:
   • Regular exercise helps regulate hormones and reduce PMS symptoms.
3. Manage Stress:
   • Yoga, meditation, and adequate sleep support hormonal balance.
4. Track Your Cycle:
   • Use apps or a calendar to identify irregularities.
5. Consult a Doctor:
   • For persistent issues like irregular cycles or severe pain.

Fun Fact: The menstrual cycle is a vital sign of overall health. Changes in the cycle can signal underlying health conditions, making it important to monitor regularly!